In 1492, due to human error, Christopher Columbus got lost at sea, missed the Indies, and made landfall in the Americas. The land was not vacant but was populated by humans who were citizens of hundreds of well established diverse civilizations.
Due to the lack of reliable statistics the number of of people living in North America in 1492 can only be estimated and vary widely from a few million to tens of millions and even a hundred million. The citizens of those nations spoke hundreds of languages and resided in societies from hunter gatherer to sophisticated city dwellers. Farms that fed thousands of citizens of those nations existed, and many cities had large populations. The norms of human interaction such as marriage, divorce, social assistance, etc., were in place. Such disciplines as engineering, astrology, medicine, etc., were available for educational pursuit in many societies. Calendars, suspension bridges, and record keeping, etc., were also part of the fabric of many societies. Trading patterns between most nations were developed and well established.
Politics ranged from democratic to autocratic. Aztecs, Inca and Maya lived under emperors, while most of the North American Nations were democratic. Shortly after the invasion began, the democratic ideals of those nations soon gave rise to the democratic aspirations of long oppressed Europeans. Proof of it lies in the fact that both the Constitution and Bill of Rights of the United States of America were modeled to a large extent after the democratic ideals and laws of Indigenous American Nations, in particular an Iroquoian law entitled "The Great Law of Peace."
Over ten thousand years ago American Indian horticulturists engineered a plant they named Maize, commonly known today as corn. Native Americans domesticated nine of the most important food crops that feed the modern world.
Over five thousand years ago the Indigenous People of California, utilizing a process they had perfected to take the bitterness out of acorns were milling flour out of them. To assure a reliable supply of acorns they grew large orchards of Oak trees. This was at a time when many Europeans were still hanging out in caves.
In April 1850, the California legislature passed a law that stated "In no case shall a white man be convicted of any offense upon the testimony of an Indian" Crimes against native Americans would go unpunished.
And then there was that pesky problem of slavery.
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